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Ultralyd - Normale målinger - Nord

 

 

 

Thymus

 

 

 

 

Normal Measurements of the Thymus on CT: Mean Values

 

 

Age (y)

AP Diameter in cm (SD)

Thickness of Limbs in cm (SD)

Craniocaudal Length in cm (SD)

Width in cm (SD)

 

 

0-10

2,52 (0,82)

1,5 (0,46)

3,53 (0,99)

3,13 (0,85)

 

 

10-20

2,56 (0,88)

1,05 (0,36)

4,99 (1,25)

3,05 (1,17)

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Normal Appendix

 

 

 

 

Modality

Transverse Diameter (mm)

Appendiceal wall thickness (mm)

 

 

US

< 6 (and compressible)

Usually < 2

 

 

CT

< 8

< 2 – 4

 

 

 

 

 

Sonographic Measurements of the Normal Pediatric

 

 

Gallbladder and Biliary Tract

 

 

Normal Gallbladder Measurements vs. Age

 

 

Age

(y)

AP

Diameter (cm)

Mean

AP

Diameter (cm)

Range

Coronal

Diameter

(cm)

Mean

 

Coronal Diameter

(cm)

Range

Length

(cm)

Mean

Length

(cm)

Range

Wall Thickness

(mm)

Mean

Wall

Thickness

(mm)

Range

 

0-1

 

 

0,9

 

0,5-1,2

0,9

0,7-1,4

2,5

1,3-3,4

1,7

1,0-3,0

 

2-5

 

1,7

1,4-2,3

1,8

1,0-3,9

4,2

2,9-5,2

2,0

None

 

6-8

 

1,8

1,0-2,4

2,0

1,2-3,0

5,6

4,4-7,4

2,2

2,0-3,0

 

9-11

 

1,9

1,2-3,2

2,0

1,0-3,6

5,5

3,4-6,5

2,0

1,0-3,0

 

12-16

 

2,0

1,3-2,8

2,1

1,6-3,0

6,1

3,8-8,0

2,0

1,0-3,0

 

 

Normal Sonographic Common Hepatic Duct Sizes vs. Age

 

Age

(y)

Common Hepatic Duct Size

(mm)

Mean

Common Hepatic Duct Size

(mm)

Range

 

 

 

0-1

 

1,3

1,0 – 2,0

 

 

 

2-5

 

1,7

1,0 – 3,0

 

 

 

6-8

 

2,0

None

 

 

 

9-11

 

1,8

1,0 – 3,0

 

 

 

12-16

 

2,2

1,0 – 4,0

 

 

 

 

 

Normal GI Tract: Wall Thickness on CT

 

 

Organ

Wall Thickness (mm)

 

 

Stomach

3 - 5

 

 

Duodenum

< 3

 

 

Colon

< 3

 

 

 

 

Normal Lymph Nodes Seen on CT

 

Normal Abdominal Lymph Nodes in Adolescents and Adults: CT

 

Location

Short Axis Nodal Diamter(mm)

 

 

Retrocural

< 6

 

 

Paracardiac

< 8

 

 

Mediastinal

<10

 

 

Gastrohepatic ligament

< 8

 

 

Upper paraaortic

< 9

 

 

Portacaval

< 10

 

 

Portahepatis

< 7

 

 

Lower paraaortic

< 11

 

 

 

 

Spleen

 

 

Ultrasound: Normal Spleen Size versus Age

 

 

Age

Spleen Length (cm)*

 

 

0 - 3 months

< 6

 

 

3 - 6 months

< 6,5

 

 

6 - 12 months

< 7

 

 

1 - 2 years

< 8

 

 

2 - 4 years

< 9

 

 

4 - 6 years

< 9,5

 

 

6 - 8 years

< 10

 

 

8 - 10 years

< 11

 

 

10 - 12 years

< 11,5

 

 

12 - 15 years

< 12

 

 

15 - 20 years (female)

< 12 (female)

 

 

15 - 20 years (male)

< 13 (male)

 

 

*Measurement obtained in the coronal longitudinal plane

 

 

 

Pylorus

 

 

Pyloric channel length

< 17 mm

 

 

Muscle thickness

< 3mm

 

 

Muscle wall thickness:  measured as a single hypoechoic layer between serosa and echogenic submucosa.  (Muscle thickness exaggerated for illustration)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Portal Vein

 

Normal Main Portal Vein Size on Ultrasound as a Function of Age

 

Age

Main Portal Vein Transverse Diameter (mm)

 

 

<10 years

8,5 ± 2,7

 

 

10 to 20 years

10 ± 2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Pancreas

 

 

 

 

Normal Pancreas Size as a Function of Age (Ultrasound)

 

 

Age

Head in cm

(± 1 SD)

Body in cm

(± 1 SD)

Tail in cm

(± 1 SD)

 

 

< 1 month

1,0 ± 0,4

0,6 ± 0,2

1,0 ± 0,4

 

 

1 month to 1 year

1,5 ± 0,5

0,8 ± 0,3

1,2 ± 0,4

 

 

1 to 5 years

1,7 ± 0,3

1,0 ± 0,2

1,8 ± 0,4

 

 

5 to 10 years

1,6 ± 0,4

1,0 ± 0,3

1,8 ± 0,4

 

 

10 to 19 years

2,0 ± 0,5

1,1 ± 0,3

2,0 ± 0,4

 

 

 

 

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Thyroid

 

Sonographic Normal Thyroid Lobe Measurements (cm)

Age

Transverse  (cm)

Longitudinal (cm)

AP (cm)

Infants and Young Children

1 - 1.5

2 - 3

0,2 – 1,2

Adolescents &

Adults

2 - 4

5 - 8

1 – 2,5

 

 

 

 

Adrenal Gland

 

 

Normal Adrenal Gland Size as a Function of Age

 

Age

Length (cm)

Thickness (cm)

Width (cm)

Neonate

0,9 – 3,6 
(mean, 1,5)

0,2 - 0,5 
(mean, 0,3)

--

Adult

4 - 6

0,2 – 0,6

2 -3

 

 

 

 

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Adrenal Gland: Sonographic features of normal adrenal glands versus age

Age

Shape and Size

Echogenicity

Newborn

Cortex >>Medulla thickness
Convex borders

Cortex hypoechoic

Medulla hyperchoic

1.5 to 2 months

Changes gradually to medulla>cortex thickness
Convex borders

Cortex hypoechoic

Medulla hyperechoic

5-6 months

Decreasing size
Straight borders

Hyperechoic, loss of corticomedullary differentiation

> 1 year

Adult appearance
Concave/straight margins

Entirely hypoechoic

 

 

Renal Ultrasound Measurements

 

Graph of Normal Renal Volume vs. Weight

 

 

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Length vs. Age

 

 

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Urinary Bladder

 

 

 

Volume calculation:

 

 

 

V = (H x W x D) X 0.625 ml
H=height, W= width, D=depth

 

 

 

Volume by age = (age in years + 2) x 30 ml

 

 

 

Bladder wall thickness

 

 

 

(ages 1 day to 19 years)

 

Site of measurement:  sagittal plane:  posterior inferior wall (away from rectum)

transverse plane:  lateral to trigone

 

Degree of distention

Thickness (mm)

SD (mm)

Range (mm)

Full

1,55

0,56

1-3

Empty

2,76

0.58

2-4,5

 

 

 

 

Ovaries

 

Normal Ovarian Size as a Function of Age

 

 

Age Group

Mean Ovarian volume (ml)*

SD (ml)

95 % Confidence Interval

% Ovaries Imaged

 

 

 

 

 

1 day to 3 months

1,06

0,96

0,03-3,56

70

 

 

 

 

 

4-12 months

1,05

0,67

0,18-2,71

100

 

 

 

 

 

13-24 months

0,67

0,35

0,15-1,68

90

 

 

 

 

 

2 -12 years

0,46

--

0,13-0,9(range)

--**

 

 

 

 

 

13-20 years

4,0

--

1,8-5,7(range)

--

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Note: Cysts: 

>80% of girls 1 day to 24 months.

 

<70% of girls between 2 and 12 years.

Macrocysts (>9mm) may be seen in <20% of cystic ovaries. Small cysts are seen in more than 80% of patients older than 5 years of age (mean <7,5 mm).
Cysts were seen in 68% of  premenarcheal 2 to 12 year olds, 90 -95% of which were < 9mm (mean
6 mm). *ovarian volume = 0,523 x length x width x depth (ml)
**> 80% ovaries seen over age 5 years

 

 


 

Ovarian Volume correlated with Age:

 

 

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Ovarian Doppler

 

Age

Type of flow/menstrual phase

Arterial waveform pattern

pre-pubertal

low diastolic flow

low diastolic flow

post-pubertal*

follicular  (0-7 days)

low to absent diastolic flow

 

follicular/luteal (11-17 days)

increasing diastolic flow

 

late luteal

decreasing diastolic flow

 

*flow detectable in 90% of adolescents
*arterial flow can be detected occasionally in twisted adnexa

 

 

 

 

Uterus

 

 

 

Normal Uterine Appearance and Dimensions

 

Uterine Stage

Gross Features

Length (cm)

Fundal Width of Body (cm)

Cervical Width (cm)

Neonatal*

Cervix > Fundus

2,3 – 4,6

0,8 – 2,1

0,8 – 2,2

Prepubertal+
1-12 years

Fundus/Body < Cervix

2,0 – 3,3

0,5 – 1,0

 

Postpubertal
13-20 years

Fundus > Cervix

5 - 8

1,6 - 30

 

 

*neonatal uterus regresses to about 2,5 cm at 1 month.
+After 7 years of age, there is uterine growth.

Neonatal uterus: 30% of neonatal uteri have a hypoechoic halo surrounding the endometrial canal, which is thought to represent the inner third of the myometrium, which is vascularly engorged.
 

 

Uterine Volume correlated with Age:

 

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Ovaries & Uterus correlated with Tanner Score

 

 

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Upper curve = uterine volume
Lower curve = ovarian volume

 

 

 

 

 

Testicle

 

Normal Size of the Testicle as a Function of Age

 

 

 

Age

Width (cm)

Length (cm)

Volume ± SE(cm3)

At Birth

1,0

1,5

1,1 ± 0,14

1-3 months

1,2

2,0

1,9 ± 0,11

4-6 months

 

 

1,7 ± 0,11

1-10 years

 

1,6

0,7 – 0,9

11-12 years

 

1,7 increasing to 1,9

15 incr to 2,0

13-16 years

 

2,3 increasing to 3,5

5,0 incr 13,0

Adult

2 - 3

3 - 5

15-20

 

 

 

 

Doppler Flow in Testes

 

 

 

 

Testicular Volume

% detectable color flow

 

 

 

 

< 1 cc

70 (capsular arteries)
40 (central arteries)

 

 

 

 

> 1 cc

+/- 100 (central&capsular)

 

 

 

 

  • • waveforms typically low resistance, high diastolic flow.

  • • compare for symmetry.

  • • lack of flow may be due to gain settings/high wall filter/high PRF etc.

 

 

Testicular Volume correlated with Tanner score

 

(based on external physical measurement of length and width)

 

 

Tanner Score

Left

 

Right

 

 

cm3

std deviation

cm3

std deviation

1

4,76

2,76

5,2

3,86

2

6,4

3,16

7,08

3,89

3

14,58

6,54

14,77

6,1

4

19,8

6,17

20,45

6,79

5

28,31

8,52

30,25

9,64


 

 

 

 

Sinuses

 

 

 

Visualization of the Paranasal Sinuses*

 

 

Maxillary

2 - 3 mo

 

 

Ethmoidal

3 - 6 mo

 

 

Sphenoidal

1 - 2 y

 

 

Frontal

8 -10 y

 

* The radiographic visualization of the sinuses lags the actual gross appearance based on autopsy.

 

 

 

 

Neonatal Brain

 

Sonographic Normal Cerebral Ventricle Measurements by Age

 

 

 

Age

Frontal Horn (mm)

Body (mm)

Third Ventricle 

(mm)

 

 

Premature infant

--

< 10*

 

 

 

Term infant

--

10 - 11*

 

 

 

Newborn

< 3

--

< 4

 

 

*Body: Measured in a transaxial view from its lateral edge to the midline. (This is not truly the width of the lateral ventricle but the distance from the superolateral ventricular wall to the falx).

 

 

Af hele hypofysen

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Neuro Hypofyse

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  • • Målingerne indhentet fra Internettet: OHSU, Oregon Health & Science University´s hjemmesides uddannelses filer.

 

Størrelse af liver og milt:

Billede 16

 

*Reference : Normal Values of Liver and Spleen Size by Ultrasonography in Indian Children; Bhavna Dhingra, Suvasini Sharma, Devendra Mishra, #Reema Kumari, *Ravindra Mohan Pandey and #Shailendra Aggarwal; Indian Pediatr 2010;47: 487-492